Financial Crime Typologies

Investment scam, also called pig butchering (from the Mandarin "sha zhu pan"), is a confidence fraud typology in which criminals build a ...

Layering is the second stage of money laundering, in which illicit funds are moved through a rapid sequence of transactions to break the ...

Loan application fraud is the deliberate submission of false, fabricated, or stolen information to obtain credit from a financial ...

Loan stacking is a fraud typology in which a borrower submits simultaneous credit applications to multiple lenders within a narrow window, ...

Money mule networks are coordinated systems of recruited individuals who receive criminal proceeds and forward them through their own bank ...

Mortgage fraud is financial fraud in which borrowers, brokers, or real estate professionals submit false documentation to lenders or ...

Nested correspondent laundering is an AML typology in which a high-risk or under-regulated financial institution routes illicit funds ...

Phishing-driven credential theft is a fraud typology in which attackers impersonate financial institutions via email, SMS, or voice ...

A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation in which returns paid to existing investors come entirely from capital contributed by ...

Proliferation financing is the provision of funds or financial services used to develop, acquire, manufacture, or transfer weapons of mass ...

Pump and dump is a securities and cryptocurrency fraud scheme in which perpetrators artificially inflate the price of an asset through ...

A pyramid scheme is a type of investment fraud in which operators pay returns to earlier participants using capital from new recruits ...

QR Code Fraud (also called quishing, from "QR" and "phishing") is a fraud typology in which criminals replace or overlay legitimate QR ...

Ransomware payment laundering is the process by which cybercriminal groups convert extortion proceeds, typically demanded and paid in ...

Real estate money laundering is the use of property transactions to conceal, transfer, or integrate illegally obtained funds, classified as ...

Romance scam (also called pig butchering) is a high-risk fraud typology in which organized criminals build fake romantic or social ...

Round-tripping is a money laundering and tax evasion method in which funds are transferred out of a jurisdiction through offshore entities ...

Sanctions evasion via shell companies is a financial crime pattern in which sanctioned individuals, entities, or states use corporate ...

Shell bank laundering is the use of a bank with no physical presence in any country, and no affiliation with a regulated financial group, ...

SIM swap fraud is an account takeover attack in which a criminal persuades a mobile carrier to transfer a victim's phone number to a SIM ...